Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to domestic life?
a. domestic groups do not always have the same personnel
b. family co-varies with climate
c. domestic groups always include co-resident mothers and children
d. husbands and wives do not always share the same domicile

2. Nuclear families
a. are equally important in all cultures
b. are organised in the same way in all cultures
c. are universally responsible for the socialisation of children
d. are found in a majority of cultures, although alternative forms are often more prevalent.

3. Marriage to more than one wife is called
a. polyandry
b. polygyny
c. matrilineality
d. matrifocality

4. Polyandry a. is very common throughout the world
b. is found mainly in China
c. helps prevent the partition of corporate land by keeping the household undivided
d. is the result of a shortage of men

5. The most common form of marriage in America is
a. monogamy
b. serial monogamy
c. plural monogamy
d. polygyny

6. One-parent domestic groups are
a. aberrant forms of family organization
b. as economically viable as nuclear family groups
c. are associated with the social and economic conditions that make long term marriage less
tenable
d. all of the above

7. New Guinea men enjoy power advantages over women with respect to
a. preferential nutrition
b. access to strategic resources
c. practices concerning pregnancy and female pollution
d. all of the above

8. Which of the following is NOT true of gender roles?
a. Males are physically stronger on average than women.
b. In most societies males pre-empt major centres of public power.
c. Matriarchies existed in the past but were overthrown by men.
d. There are many societies without marked gender inequalities.

9. Among the !Kung and Mbuti hunter-gatherers, gender roles are
a. highly stratified
b. nearly egalitarian
c. strongly stratified
d. different and unequal

10. Hunter gatherers in Australia display the following with respect to gender roles
a. egalitarian
b. female dominated
c. women are discriminated against and there is a strong double standard
d. women control resources because they do most of the work

11. Iroquois women
a. dominated politics
b. influenced council decisions
c. went to war alongside men
d. let men distribute the goods they produced

12. Iroquois women were powerful because
a. the were matrilocal and matrilineal
b. the influenced the council decisions by controlling the domestic economy
c. men were away on expeditions for long periods of time
d. all of the above

13. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding women in West Africa? a. They dominated local markets and could acquire wealth from trade.
b. Women could marry other women.
c. They were included in village councils.
d. Women could not achieve high status outside the domestic sphere.

14. Which of the following is a marriage universal?
a. Establishes an emic distinction between legitimate and illegitimate childrearing.
b. Gives the husband exclusive access to the wife's sexual services.
c. Establishes a joint fund of property for the benefit of children.
d. Establishes reciprocal relationships and economic ties between in-laws

15. Sister exchange
a. is a form of incest
b. is a reciprocal exchange of spouses
c. is a highly undesirable form of marriage
d. does not establish strong alliances between groups.

16. Bride price is
a. money or goods presented to the bride by her family
b. compensation paid directly to the groom
c. compensation to the family of the groom for their loss of the groom's l labour
d. compensation to the family of the bride for their loss of the bride's reproductive power

17. A dowry
a. is compensation to the bride's family for losing a daughter
b. is the transfer of money or wealth by the groom's family for the loss of his labour
c. is wealth received by the bride from her husband's family
d. is compensation for taking responsibility for the bride where women are
regarded as economic burden

18. Exogamy is
a. a rule stipulating that one must marry outside one's own group.
b. a rule stipulating one must marry inside one's own group
c. a rule observed only by the Nayar
d. considered incestuous in some societies

19. An important advantage of exogamy is
a. it ensures that individuals will marry outside a group
b. it helps establish economic relations with neighbouring groups
c. it reduces the likelihood of warfare
d. all of the above

20. The adaptive advantage of incest avoidance and exogamy is that it tends to
a. exclude members of other social classes
b. keep wealth in the extended family
c. establish intergroup alliance
d. keep daughters at home

21. Which of the following characteristic distinguishes chiefs from bigmen?
a. Only chiefs have a redistributive role.
b. Only chiefs inherit their office and can not be easily deposed by their followers.
c. Only chiefs are fierce war leaders.
d. Only chiefs receive labour and gifts from their followers.

22. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a Trobriand Chief?
a. He can easily be deposed by his followers.
b. He must provide for his people but lives better than his followers.
c. His position is hereditary
d. He controls large yam stores used for supplies for long distance trade and warfare.

23. The Trobriand chief could NOT exercise permanent coercive control because a. he could not cut off access to ocean and lagoon resources
b. Trobriand agriculture lacked grains that could be stored
c. he could not dispense food year-round
d. all of the above

24. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of mumihood?
a. Feast organiser and provider
b. Elevated standard of living
c. is economically responsible for restitution for his men killed in battle
d. Reputation as "great provider"

25. Tikopian chiefs
a. enjoyed few privileges because they lacked real power
b. could restrict their kin from using available land
c. were highly respected
d. did not work in the fields

26. Which of the following is NOT a condition that led to state formation?
a. population increase
b. intensive agriculture
c. Intense warfare
d. Circumscription

27. Gender refers to
a. emic meanings associated with culturally defined expectations
b. etic sexual identity based on biological characteristics
c. different psychological capacities of male/female cognition and perception
d. different physiological capacities of males and females

28. The belief that males are spiritually superior to females is
a. expressed in Christianity, Juadaism and Islam
b. characterised by male dominated rituals and myths
c. often not accepted by women who have their own gender ideologies
d. all of the above

29. In Margaret Mead's study of three New Guinea tribes, Mead tried to show that
a. men are universally aggressive
b. personality differences between men and women vary cross-culturally
c. women are never expected to be as fierce and aggressive as men
d. women are universally the gentler sex

30. Women in pre-state societies
a. resent being excluded from male ritual activities
b. do not attach much importance to what men do during rituals
c. are eager to participate in male secret ceremonies
d. accept the reasons for male superior status

31. Menstrual seclusion among Yurok Indians
a. is etic evidence of women's low status
b. is an opportunity for women to escape chores of everyday life
c. was instituted by male missionaries in the 19th Century
d. is a shameful experience for women

32. Annette Weiner's re-study of the Trobriand Islands shows that
a. the mother's brother ultimately benefits from all yam harvest gifts
b. men's trade provides women with real wealth that gives them both influence and power
c. women can only exert indirect control through their husbands
d. women cannot have direct influence in a big man society

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(ANSWERS IN BOLD)

1. Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to domestic life?
a. domestic groups do not always have the same personnel
b. family co-varies with climate
c. domestic groups always include co-resident mothers and children
d. husbands and wives do not always share the same domicile

2. Nuclear families
a. are equally important in all cultures
b. are organised in the same way in all cultures
c. are universally responsible for the socialisation of children
d. are found in a majority of cultures, although alternative forms are often more prevalent.

3. Marriage to more than one wife is called
a. polyandry
b. polygyny
c. matrilineality
d. matrifocality

4. Polyandry a. is very common throughout the world
b. is found mainly in China
c. helps prevent the partition of corporate land by keeping the household undivided
d. is the result of a shortage of men

5. The most common form of marriage in America is
a. monogamy
b. serial monogamy
c. plural monogamy
d. polygyny

6. One-parent domestic groups are
a. aberrant forms of family organization
b. as economically viable as nuclear family groups
c. are associated with the social and economic conditions that make long term marriage less
tenable
d. all of the above

7. New Guinea men enjoy power advantages over women with respect to
a. preferential nutrition
b. access to strategic resources
c. practices concerning pregnancy and female pollution
d. all of the above

8. Which of the following is NOT true of gender roles?
a. Males are physically stronger on average than women.
b. In most societies males pre-empt major centres of public power.
c. Matriarchies existed in the past but were overthrown by men.
d. There are many societies without marked gender inequalities.

9. Among the !Kung and Mbuti hunter-gatherers, gender roles are
a. highly stratified
b. nearly egalitarian
c. strongly stratified
d. different and unequal

10. Hunter gatherers in Australia display the following with respect to gender roles
a. egalitarian
b. female dominated
c. women are discriminated against and there is a strong double standard
d. women control resources because they do most of the work

11. Iroquois women
a. dominated politics
b. influenced council decisions
c. went to war alongside men
d. let men distribute the goods they produced

12. Iroquois women were powerful because
a. the were matrilocal and matrilineal
b. the influenced the council decisions by controlling the domestic economy
c. men were away on expeditions for long periods of time
d. all of the above

13. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding women in West Africa? a. They dominated local markets and could acquire wealth from trade.
b. Women could marry other women.
c. They were included in village councils.
d. Women could not achieve high status outside the domestic sphere.

14. Which of the following is a marriage universal?
a. Establishes an emic distinction between legitimate and illegitimate childrearing.
b. Gives the husband exclusive access to the wife's sexual services.
c. Establishes a joint fund of property for the benefit of children.
d. Establishes reciprocal relationships and economic ties between in-laws

15. Sister exchange
a. is a form of incest
b. is a reciprocal exchange of spouses
c. is a highly undesirable form of marriage
d. does not establish strong alliances between groups.

16. Bride price is
a. money or goods presented to the bride by her family
b. compensation paid directly to the groom
c. compensation to the family of the groom for their loss of the groom's l labour
d. compensation to the family of the bride for their loss of the bride's reproductive power

17. A dowry
a. is compensation to the bride's family for losing a daughter
b. is the transfer of money or wealth by the groom's family for the loss of his labour
c. is wealth received by the bride from her husband's family
d. is compensation for taking responsibility for the bride where women are
regarded as economic burden

18. Exogamy is
a. a rule stipulating that one must marry outside one's own group.
b. a rule stipulating one must marry inside one's own group
c. a rule observed only by the Nayar
d. considered incestuous in some societies

19. An important advantage of exogamy is
a. it ensures that individuals will marry outside a group
b. it helps establish economic relations with neighbouring groups
c. it reduces the likelihood of warfare
d. all of the above

20. The adaptive advantage of incest avoidance and exogamy is that it tends to
a. exclude members of other social classes
b. keep wealth in the extended family
c. establish intergroup alliance
d. keep daughters at home

21. Which of the following characteristic distinguishes chiefs from bigmen?
a. Only chiefs have a redistributive role.
b. Only chiefs inherit their office and can not be easily deposed by their followers.
c. Only chiefs are fierce war leaders.
d. Only chiefs receive labour and gifts from their followers.

22. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a Trobriand Chief?
a. He can easily be deposed by his followers.
b. He must provide for his people but lives better than his followers.
c. His position is hereditary
d. He controls large yam stores used for supplies for long distance trade and warfare.

23. The Trobriand chief could NOT exercise permanent coercive control because a. he could not cut off access to ocean and lagoon resources
b. Trobriand agriculture lacked grains that could be stored
c. he could not dispense food year-round
d. all of the above

24. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of mumihood?
a. Feast organiser and provider
b. Elevated standard of living
c. is economically responsible for restitution for his men killed in battle
d. Reputation as "great provider"

25. Tikopian chiefs
a. enjoyed few privileges because they lacked real power
b. could restrict their kin from using available land
c. were highly respected
d. did not work in the fields

26. Which of the following is NOT a condition that led to state formation?
a. population increase
b. intensive agriculture
c. Intense warfare
d. Circumscription

27. Gender refers to
a. emic meanings associated with culturally defined expectations
b. etic sexual identity based on biological characteristics
c. different psychological capacities of male/female cognition and perception
d. different physiological capacities of males and females

28. The belief that males are spiritually superior to females is
a. expressed in Christianity, Juadaism and Islam
b. characterised by male dominated rituals and myths
c. often not accepted by women who have their own gender ideologies
d. all of the above

29. In Margaret Mead's study of three New Guinea tribes, Mead tried to show that
a. men are universally aggressive
b. personality differences between men and women vary cross-culturally
c. women are never expected to be as fierce and aggressive as men
d. women are universally the gentler sex

30. Women in pre-state societies
a. resent being excluded from male ritual activities
b. do not attach much importance to what men do during rituals
c. are eager to participate in male secret ceremonies
d. accept the reasons for male superior status

31. Menstrual seclusion among Yurok Indians
a. is etic evidence of women's low status
b. is an opportunity for women to escape chores of everyday life
c. was instituted by male missionaries in the 19th Century
d. is a shameful experience for women

32. Annette Weiner's re-study of the Trobriand Islands shows that
a. the mother's brother ultimately benefits from all yam harvest gifts
b. men's trade provides women with real wealth that gives them both influence and power
c. women can only exert indirect control through their husbands
d. women cannot have direct influence in a big man society

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