| U | Projet C.E.E. |
| LACITO | |
 |
| B |
| QUESTIONNAIRE The purpose of this questionnaire is to define the nature and importance of relations between the population considered and the rain forest environment, asses the impact of their activities on the ecosystem, the threats imposed by changes coming from outside and the consequences they will face with degradation or reduction of access to the rain forest environment. |
| NAME OF POPULATION | ...................................................... | |
| COUNTRY | ....................................................... |
| REGION | ....................................................... |
| Precise if this population extends into several countries. Sources and references |
| Name of researcher(s) | .................................................................................... |
| Location of fieldwork | .................................................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| Dates of fieldwork (years) | ................................................................................ |
| Publications | .................................................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... Questionnaire done by : .................................................................................... |
| Date : | ....................................... |
| Serge BAHUCHET, CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE |
| LABORATOIRE DE LANGUES ET CIVILISATIONS À TRADITION ORALE |
| 44 Rue de l'Amiral Mouchez - 75014 PARIS - TEL : 33 1 45 80 96 73 - FAX : 33 1 45 80 59 83 |
| Pierre de MARET, UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES |
| CENTRE D'ANTHROPOLOGIE CULTURELLE |
| 44 Avenue Jeanne - 1050 BRUXELLES - TEL : 32 2 650 34 28 - FAX : 32 2 650 35 21 |
| -1- |
| 1- Population designation |
| 1.1- Names of self-designation | .......................................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 1.2- Names used by neighbours ......................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 1.3- Names commonly used in the literature ....................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 2- Language(s) 2.1- Name(s).................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 2.2- Language family ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 2.3- Multilingualism |
| 2.3.1- What proportion of people speaks only one language ? ............................ 2.3.2- Are there other languages spoken ? Which ? By whom ? In which areas of |
| life does interaction occurs (e.g. social, ideological, economic, etc.) ? |
| Language | % men | % women | % young | % old | areas of life |
| .................... | ............. | ............. | ............. | ............. | ........................ |
| .................... | ............. | ............. | ............. | ............. | ........................ |
| .................... | ............. | ............. | ............. | ............. | ........................ |
| .................... | ............. | ............. | ............. | ............. | ........................ |
| 2.3.3- Is any commercial or vehicular language spoken ? | ................................. |
| 2.3.4- Is any international language spoken ? ................................................... 2.3.5- Do surrounding ethnic groups speak the language of this population in |
| addition to their own ? Which ? ......................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 3- Location |
| 3.1- COUNTRY | ....................................................... |
| 3.2- Administrative region (province, district, etc.) ............................................ ....................................................................................................................... |
| -2- |
| 3.3- Geographical region (rivers, mountains, etc.) | .............................................. |
| ....................................................................................................................... Population 4.1- Total population size (year of census) ......................................................... |
| 4.2- Population density | ...................................................................... |
| 4.3- Area occupied by this population ................................................................ |
| If this population extends into several countries, detail ..................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 4.4- Rate of population growth | ...................................................................... |
| Birth rate | .......................................... |
| Mortality rate | .......................................... |
| 5- Settlements 5.1- Type of settlement ..................................................................................... |
| (village, camp, communal long house, etc.) |
| 5.2- Accessibility |
| Footpath ------------------------------------------ | yes | no | |
| River ---------------------------------------------- | yes | no |
| Road | ---------------------------------------------- | yes | no |
| 5.3- Average distance between communities (in km) ............................................ |
| 5.4- Seasonal mobility | ----------------------------- | yes | no |
| During which season ? | ................................................................................... |
| For which activities ? .................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... |
| 5.5- Temporary camps | ---------------------------- | yes | no |
| Utilized by which segment of the community ? ................................................ (men and/or women, work parties, everybody, etc.) |
| 5.6.1- Permanent villages | ------------------------- | yes | no |
| 5.6.2- Periodic relocation of villages ------------- | yes | no |
| How often ? (yearly, ten yearly, etc.) .............................................................. |
| How far away ? (approximate distance in km) | ................................................. |
| -3- |
| 6- Spatial organisation and land ownership 6.1- Describe relations between communities in the same ethnic group .................. ....................................................................................................................... |
| 6.2- Are distinct territories or land holdings recognized ? | yes | ............. | no |
| 6.2.1- If so, at which organizational level (family, band, village, lineage, clan, |
| etc.) ? | ............................................................................................................ |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 6.2.2- Are boundaries clearly defined ? ------- | yes | no |
| 6.2.3- How are boundaries maintained ? (mutual respect, active defense, etc.) | .... |
| ....................................................................................................................... 6.3- Rights to cleared land (lineage, family, individual, etc.) ................................ ....................................................................................................................... 6.4- Do villages or camps move within an open or limited territory ? Or if displaced from current location, can they move elsewhere ? ............................................... ....................................................................................................................... 7- Social and political structure 7.1- Residential units, household composition (extended family, nuclear family, etc.) ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 7.2- Community structure (family, lineage, clan, etc.) | ......................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 7.3- Average size of community (village or camp) | .............................................. |
| 7.4- Type of leadership and power structure (egalitarian, chiefdom, etc.) .............. ....................................................................................................................... 7.5.1- How were group/village decisions made traditionally ? (by consensus, council, chief, etc.) ...................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 7.5.2- How are they made today ? | .................................................................. |
| ....................................................................................................................... 7.6.1- Are there elected officials today representing the group/village ? (briefly describe) ....................................................................................................................... |
| 7.6.2- Are their decisions respected/followed ? ................................................ .................................................................................................................... |
| -4- |
| 8- Neighbours 8.1- Which other ethnic groups live nearby ?....................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 8.2- Average distance between these ethnic groups | .............................................. |
| 8.3- Nature of relationship with neighbours from other ethnic groups (specify in |
| which area of life; if one group is dominant) | ...................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 9- Religion 9.1- Principal characteristics of religion ............................................................. ....................................................................................................................... 9.2- Religious leaders (mediums, diviners, priests, shamen, etc.)............................ ....................................................................................................................... 9.3.1- Is ritual closely tied to forest utilization ? .................................................. ....................................................................................................................... |
| 9.3.2- Do certain ritual activities require movement in the forest ? .................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 9.3.3- Are there ritual sites in the forest ? (trees, waterfalls, caves, etc.) ............ |
| ....................................................................................................................... 10- Agriculture |
| 10.1- Agriculture practiced ? | --------------------- | yes | no |
| 10.1.1- Swidden (slash and burn) agriculture ? | yes | no |
| 10.1.2- Sedentary agriculture with tillage ? --- | yes | no |
| 10.2.1- Staple crops (cereals, tubers, cassava, etc.) | .............................................. |
| 10.2.2- Approximate number of species cultivated ........................................... |
| 10.3.1- Clearance of fallow land, forest land or both ? ......................................... |
| 10.3.2- Average area cleared by family yearly | ................................................ |
| 10.3.3- Number of years cultivated | ................................................................ |
| 10.3.4- Duration of fallow ............................................................................. |
| Abandonned at the end of cycle | ---------------- | yes | no |
| -5- |
| Re-use of same plots ? --------------------------- | yes | no |
| 10.4- Changes that have occured in recent years .................................................. ....................................................................................................................... |
| 10.5- Signs of forest degradation ? --------------- | yes | no | |
| If yes, detail (secondary forest, herbs, grasslands, etc.) | .................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 10.6- Do the people have opinions concerning the availability of arable lands ? ...... ....................................................................................................................... 11- Subsistence activities |
| 11.1- Animal husbandry -------------------------- | yes | no | |
| 11.1.1- For dietary purposes ? | ----------------- | yes | no |
| 11.1.2- Which animals ? .............................................................................. 11.1.3- For which other purposes ? (ceremonial exchange, social exchanges, etc.) .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... |
| 11.1.4- Effort expended on domestic animals (feeding, fencing, shelter, etc.) | .... |
| .................................................................................................................... 11.1.5- Lease of livestock by family .............................................................. |
| 11.2- Hunting | ------------------------------ | much | some | no more |
| 11.2.1- Small game ---------------------- | much | some | no more |
| Which species ? (number) ............................................................................. .................................................................................................................... |
| 11.2.2- Large game | --------------------- | much | some | no more |
| Which species ? (number) .............................................................................. .................................................................................................................... 11.2.3- Major hunting techniques (collective/individual ; implements : nets, bows |
| & arrows, etc.) ................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 11.2.4- Is there quantitative data available on hunting activities / success ? .......... |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 11.3- Fishing -------------------------------- | much | some | no more |
| 11.3.1- Major fishing techniques (boats, rivers/ponds/streams; use of poison , |
| implements, etc.)............................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 11.3.2- Is there quantitative data available on fishing activities ? ........................ |
| ....................................................................................................................... 11.4- Gathering of wild resources |
| 11.4.1- Vegetable ------------------------ | much | some | no more |
| Major species (number) ................................................................................ .................................................................................................................... |
| Techniques or particular activities ? | ............................................................... |
| .................................................................................................................... |
| 11.4.2- Animals -------------------------- | much | some | no more |
| Major species (number) ................................................................................ .................................................................................................................... |
| Techniques or particular activities ? | ............................................................... |
| .................................................................................................................... |
| 11.4.3- Is there quantitative data available on gathering ? | ................................. |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 11.5- Tools and technology |
| 11.5.1- Craftsmen | ----------------------- | local | from outside |
| List specialist activities (forging metal, basket-making, ceramics, etc.) .............. .................................................................................................................... |
| 11.5.2- Raw materials ------------------- | local | from outside |
| Which are obtained from the forest ? ............................................................. .................................................................................................................... Approximate number of useful species ............................................................ 11.5.3- Tools (specify for each wether purchased or made locally) Which ? ...................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... |
| 12- Diet 12.1.1- Dietary dependence on wild foods ?. (List foods and if possible give estimate |
| of contribution to diet) | ..................................................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| -7- |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 12.1.2- Means of acquisition ? (self-production or not) .................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... 12.2.1- Dietary dependence on cultivated food ? (List foods and if possible give estimate of contribution to diet) ......................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 12.2.2- Means of acquisition ? (self-production, purchase, exchange -from whom, |
| for what ?-) ................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 12.3- Dietary dependence on commercial foods ? (List foods and give estimate of |
| contribution to diet) | ......................................................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 13- Traditional medicines |
| 13.1- Use of forest products | ---------------------- | many | some | no more |
| 13.2- Are there traditional healers ? | ------------- | yes | no | no more |
| 13.3- Does this ethnic group have a reputation for traditional healing ? ................ ....................................................................................................................... 13.4- Are there outstanding herbal medicines used by this ethnic group ? .............. ....................................................................................................................... |
| 13.5.1- Are there pharmacological inventories ? | oui | non |
| (for this region, for this ethnic group) |
| 13.5.2- Have they been analysed for their chemical content ? | oui | non |
| 123.5.3- References ..................................................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 14- Integration in the regional and national economy |
| 14.1- Participation in cash economy | -------------- | yes | some | none |
| Long-standing or recent ? .............................................................................. |
| 14.2- Participation in commercial activities | ----- | yes | some | none |
| Long-standing or recent ? .............................................................................. |
| 14.2.1- Sale of cultivated foods | ---------------- | yes | some | none |
| Which ? Raw or processed ? ........................................................................... |
| .................................................................................................................... |
| 14.2.2- Sale of wild foods | ---------------------- | yes | some | none |
| (animals/plants) |
| Which ? Raw or processed ? (smoked meat, dried fishes etc.) ............................ |
| .................................................................................................................... |
| 14.2.3- Sale of wild non-food products -------- | yes | some | none |
| Which ? | ....................................................................................................... |
| .................................................................................................................... |
| 14.3- Cash crops | ----------------------------------- | yes | some | none |
| 14.3.1- Describe ? | ........................................................................................ |
| .................................................................................................................... 14.3.2- Recent development of markets ........................................................... .................................................................................................................... |
| 14.4- Wage labour | --------------------------------- | yes | some | none |
| Long-standing or recent ? .............................................................................. |
| 14.4.1- Permanent ------------------------------- | yes | some | none |
| 14.4.2- Temporary ------------------------------ | yes | some | none |
| 14.4.3- Local ------------------------------------- | yes | some | none |
| 14.4.4- Seasonal migrant labour | --------------- | yes | some | none |
| 14.4.5- What kind ? (logging, mining, servants for other ethnic groups, etc.)...... .................................................................................................................... 14.4.6- Persons involved (Give age group, sex and approximate % of population involved) ..................................................................................................... |
| 15- Political and judicial situation 15.1- Education |
| 15.1.1- Are there schools ? | ---------------------------------- | yes | no |
| (public, private, mission; primary, secondary) 15.1.2- What percent of children attend school ? (primary and secondary) ? ....... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 15.1.3- What is the language used in schools ? (indigenous mother-tongue, |
| regional, national, etc.) ..................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| 15.2- Relations with central government |
| 15.2.1- Are there local government officials ? -------------- | yes | no |
| 15.2.2- For which functions ? (municipal, government offices, police stations, |
| etc.) ? | ............................................................................................................ |
| ....................................................................................................................... 15.3- Judicial status |
| 15.3.1- Does this population have a particular status relative to other populations |
| within the national framework ? | ----------------------------- | yes | no |
| 15.3.2- Is a particular branch of the administration responsible for it ? .............. |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 15.3.3- Is it under particular juridiction ? Which ? | .......................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 15.3.4- In whom does their land belong (e.g. themselves, the state, etc.) ? .......... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 15.3.5- Are there definite plan regarding this population ? | yes | no |
| Protection (reserves, protected areas) ............................................................. Retorsion or authoritative (enforced settlement or resettlement, migrations, etc.) |
| ....................................................................................................................... 15.4- Representation |
| 15.4.1- Are there spokemen ? -------------------------------- | yes | no | |
| 15.4.2- Who are they ? (chiefs, elected representatives, etc.) ............................ What is their function ? ................................................................................. |
| 15.5- Land regulation |
| What are the land regulations in the area inhabited by this population ? (state |
| property, indigenous reserve, national park, etc.) ................................................ ....................................................................................................................... 16- Health and social problems 16.1- Health status ............................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................... 16.2- Specific deseases ...................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 16.3- Major causes of mortality ......................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 16.4- Alcoholism ............................................................................................. ....................................................................................................................... 16.5- Drugs ..................................................................................................... |
| -10- |
| ....................................................................................................................... 16.6- Others .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 17- Contacts |
| 17.1- With other agricultural ethnic groups ----- | yes | no | |
| Which ? (density, major characteristics) | ......................................................... |
| ....................................................................................................................... |
| 17.2- With people from non-agricultural groups | yes | no | |
| 17.3- Within close reach of the community are there : |
| markets ------------------------------------------- | yes | no | |
| stores | --------------------------------------------- | yes | no |
| missions | ------------------------------------------ | yes | no |
| agricultural stations | ----------------------------- | yes | no |
| health centers | ------------------------------------ | yes | no |
| managed by whom ? for free or fee ? ...................................................... |
| 17.4- Does the population have contact with : | origin |
| hunters --------------------------------------- | yes | no | local | external |
| poachers ------------------------------------- | yes | no | local | external |
| fishermen ------------------------------------ | yes | no | local | external |
| traders, merchants -------------------------- | yes | no | local | external |
| foresters, sawmills, lumber-jacks | --------- | yes | no | local | external |
| ranchers, livestock herders | ---------------- | yes | no | local | external |
| immigrant agriculturalists | ----------------- | yes | no | local | external |
| prospectors ---------------------------------- | yes | no | local | external |
| miners | --------------------------------------- | yes | no | local | external |
| others....................................................................................... |
| 18- Economic context |
| 18.1- External pressures on the environment | since when |
| Forest exploitation ------------------------------- | yes | no |
| Mineral exploitation ----------------------------- | yes | no |
| Projected dams ----------------------------------- | yes | no |
| -11- |
| Immigrant agriculturalists ---------------------- | yes | no | |
| Military area | ------------------------------------ | yes | no |
| Other | .......................................................................................................... |
| 18.2- Internal pressures on the environment |
| Agricultural overexploitation | ------------------ | yes | no |
| Depletion of game from hunting --------------- | yes | no | |
| Other | .......................................................................................................... |
| 18.3- Environmental changes |
| Changes in the last decade that have affected the availability of natural resources |
| ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 19- Attitudes toward change 19.1- Does this population express a preference for preserving its traditional culture and ethnic identity ? ......................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 19.2- From your point of view, what are the major risks facing this population ? Your personal opinion.would be welcomed and kept confidential if you so desire. .. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 20- Major references and publications concerning this population ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... |
| -12- |