B - UNCONTACTED ETHNIC GROUPS

Map 3 : Uncontacted ethnic groups

belong to wider and more complex cultural and economic entities (e.g. the Akulio or the Tupi-Kawahib, among others).

Since the 1940s, many groups or segments of groups are no longer isolated. They have now been included in the wider context of those Amazonian ethnic groups on which data is available : the Kayapo-Gorotiré emerged on the scene in 1938, the Guavião and the Shavante in the 1950s, the Marubo in the 1960s, the Yuqui and southern Wayãpi in the early 1970s, etc. The impact of policies aiming at pacifying them always turned out to be disastrous, especially in Brazil. This affected their health status, and therefore the group's demography, but also had cultural consequences. It was not rare to see up to a 50 to 70 % decrease in population within a few years (e.g. the Parakanã (Povos indígenas no Brasil : Sudeste do Pará, 1985) or the Waimiri-Atroari (Carvalho, 1982), etc). The relentlessness of national organizations and the resistance with which these populations opposed any form of contact often led to violence, sometimes entailing a near complete destruction of the given group (e.g. the Jora in Bolivia or the Purus Yuma of Brazil).

It is absolutely essential that these uncontacted ethnic groups should not be seen to be in ignorance of the outside world, but rather as groups actively fighting to maintain, as much as they can, a safe distance between it and them.

Besides, though weak demographically, these are the groups now considered as the symbolic guardians of the wild and unexplored hidden backwaters of Greater Amazonia. This is true on the international scene, but also for other native American Indians who do have contact with the outside world. It is therefore absolutely necessary to include uncontacted groups in any project aiming at protecting and improving their environment.

ndeg.	name	pop. (estim.)	location	commentary[14]
IV	Apiaka	>100	Mato Grosso Norte Between Lower Juruena and Lower Teles Pires	Tupi-Guarani. Isolated Apiaka group. Were massacred some time ago.
V	Apurinã	>50	Amazonas Upper rio Sepatini	Arawak.
VI	Arua	75 at most	Rondonia 1) Between the rios Mequens and Colorado 2) Rio São Miguel	Tupi-Mondé. 1) Living over both the Rio Branco I.T. and the Guaporé B.R. 2) Outside reserves. Area invaded by loggers. Frequent fighting.
VII	Ava-Canoeiros	30	1) Goias Sources of the Tocantins 2) Border between Goias and Minais Gerais	Tupi-Guarani. Small groups of highly mobile hunter-gatherers.
VIII	Guaja [already counted among the known group]	120	Maranhão Scattered throughout the western part of the state	Tupi-Guarani. Small groups of highly mobile hunter-gatherers (even after contact). They have their own I.T. but also move in and out of several other reserves.
IX	Ingarune	+/-100	North Pará Rio Cuminapanema and Paru de Oeste	Karib. Related to the Kachuyana. Existence confirmed by the Poturuyar (recently contacted Tupi-Guarani). They live within the latter's I.T.
X	Kanibo (Mayo)	120/ 150	Amazonas Rio Quixito, Javari Basin	Probably Pano. Several unsuccessful official contacts. Occasional contacts with loggers.
XI	Kaniwa (Corubo)	300 9 malocas	Amazonas Between Lower Itui and Lower Itacoai	Pano. Occasional contacts. Hostile.
XII	Karafawyana and other isolated Karib	400/ 500	Roraima and north Pará 1) Source of the Jatapu 2) Rio Urucurina, tributary of the Mapuera 3) Rio Kafuini, tributary of the Trombetas 4) Upper Turuna, tributary of the Trombetas	Karib, Parukoto-Charuma sub-group. Related to the Waiwai. Some individuals visit Waiwai communities without warning the authorities. This is how they obtain their metal tools. Partly in the Trombetas-Mapuera I.T.
XIII	Karitiana	50/100	Rondonia Upper rio Candeias	Tupi-Arikem. Identified by the small group that has been contacted.
XIV	Katawixi	50	Amazonas Upper rio Mucuim, tributary of the Purus	Isolated language. One community only has been located.
XV	Kayapo	>100	Mato Grosso Norte Lower rio Liberdade	Gé. Identified by other Kayapo towards whom they are hostile.
XVI	Kayapo- Pu'ro	100	South Pará Lower rio Curuá	Kayapo. Group which has broken away from the Mekragnoti since 1940. Outside Kayapo I.T.
XVII	Kayapo- Pituiaro	200	South Pará Rio Murure	Kayapo. Group which has broken away from the Kuben-kranken since 1950. Partly outside Kayapo I.T.
XVIII	Kayapo- Kararao	+/-50	South Pará Lower rio Guajara	Kayapo. Group which has broken away from the Kararao. Struggles are part of their traditions.
XIX	Kulina	?	Amazonas Rio Curuça, tributary of the Javari	Arawak. Small isolate communities belonging to the big Kulina group.
XX	Maku (Nadeb)	+/-100	Amazonas Uneiuxi and Urubaxi Basins	Isolated language. Isolated elements of Maku groups that have already been contacted. Hunter-gatherers.
XXI	Mamaindé	50/100	Rondonia Upper rio Corumbiara	Isolated language. Isolated group of Nambikwara. A no-entry zone was allocated and then cancelled under local pressure. Recently massacred.
XXII	Marimã	30/40	Amazonas Riozinho, tributary of the Cuniuã, Purus Basin	Arawak ? Were massacred in 1986. Their area has recently been declared protected.
XXIII	Mayoruna	200/ 300	Amazonas 1) Rio Batã, source of the Javari 2) Rio Pardo 3) Between the Pardo and middle Javari	Pano. Small isolated communities of the large Mayoruna group.
XXIV	Miqueleno (Cujubi)	?	Rondonia Upper rio São Miguel	Isolated Chapakura language. Area invaded by loggers. Recently massacred.
XXV	Nereyana	+/-100	North Pará Rio Panama, headwaters of Paru de Oeste	Karib. Perhaps more closely related to the Kachuyana than to the Tiriyo.
XXVI	Pakaa-Nova of which : 2) Oromawin	+/-150	Rondonia 1) Serra dos Pakaas-Novas 2) Source of the rio Formoso	Isolated Chapakura language. Isolated groups belonging to the major Pakaa-Nova group. 1) Included in the Uru-eu-wau-wau I.T.. 2) Neighbouring one of the Pakaa-nova I.T.
XXVII	Papavo [former name used to refer to them] [today] 1) Mashko (Harakmbet) 2) Kulina 3) Amawaka 4) Yawanawa	>400	Acre Scattered over a single large territory : 1) Rio Breu, headwaters of the Upper Jurua 2,3,4) Between the sources of the Envira and the Muru, and Igarapé Xinané, tributary of the Purus, overflowing into Peru	1) Isolated language ; 2) Arawak ; 3, 4) Pano. Many isolated communities belonging to 4 distinct groups. Struggling is part of their traditions : reciprocal hostile contacts with the Kampa (whom they plunder), and peaceful ones with the Kulina; they plunder the loggers'encampments. 1) On the extractivist reserve of Alto Jurua. 2,3,4) Two I.T. have been set up for them.
XXVIII	Pariuaia	>100	Amazonas Rio Bararati, tributary of the Lower Juruena	Tupi-Guarani. Probably Tupi-Kawahib. Have refused all contact since 1930.
XXIX	Piriutiti	100/ 200	Amazonas Rio Curiau	Karib. Related to the Waimiri-Atroari. Some live in, others outside, the latter's I.T.
XXX	Sateré	?	Amazonas Rio Parauari, tributary of the Maués-açu	Tupi. Communities that split away from the Sateré-Maué a long time ago.
XXXI	Tupi-Kawahib (Piripicura)	200/ 300	Mato Grosso Norte Between the Madeirinha and the Roosevelt	Tupi-Guarani. A no-entry zone has just been allocated for them.
XXXII	Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau [included in the known group]	300	Rondonia Serra dos Pakaas-Novas	Tupi-Guarani. There remain over 3 uncontacted groups. Several hostile encounter with gold-seekers and loggers. All are included in the vast Uru-eu-wau-wau I.T.
XXXIII	Wayãpi (Yawãpi)	100/ 150	North Pará Upper Ipitinga, between the Jari and the Paru de Este	Tupi-Guarani. Group which formerly broke away from the Southern Wayãpi.
XXXIV	Yakarawakta	20/30	Mato Grosso Norte Between the rios Aripuanã and Juruena	Tupi-Guarani. Probably an Apiaka sub-group.
XXXV	Yanomami	300/ 400	Amazonas 1) Upper Marauia 2) Between the Demini and the Catrimani	Yanomami. 1) Within the I.T. 2) Isolated communities ; probably outside the I.T., but within the Rio Branco National Park.
XXXVI	name unknown	+/-100	Amapá Between the Upper Amapari and Upper Oyapock	Unspecified linguistic family : According to the Southern Wayãpi, a group that formerly broke away from them ; According to the Northern Wayãpi, one of their former enemy groups, the Tapüiy.
XXXVII	name unknown	300	Amazonas Between the Upper Jandiatuba and the Itacoai	Maybe a Katukina group.
XXXVIII	name unknown	300	Amazonas Igarapé São José, tributary of the Itacoai	Seems to be a group distinct from no. XXXVII.
XXXIX	name unknown	?	Acre Igarapé Recreio, município Cruzeiro do Sul, Upper Jurua	Pano ?
XL	name unknown	?	Pará Igarapé Tueré, tributary of the Itacaiunas	Tupi ?
XLI	name unknown	+/-100	Amazonas South of rio Inauini, Purus Basin	?
XLII	name unknown	?	Amazonas Igarapé Umari, tributary of the Ituxi	?
XLIII	name unknown	?	Rondonia Serra do Taquaral, source of the Rio Branco	?

Morunahua	150	This group is probably to be related to the group that used to be called Papavo in Brazil (no. XXVII in this table).
Parquenahua	200	Pano. They live in the Manu national park.
Pisabo	200	Pano.

[13] We have not included here the 420 isolated people who have already been counted as part of two groups with whom there is now some contact.

[14] The following abbreviations have been used : I.T. : Indigenous Territory ; B.R. : Biology Reserve.